messengers to Oahu. One was Kikane, above referred to, the other was Haalou, the mother of Namahana, and grandmother of Kamehameha's wife, Kaahumanu. The mission of Kikane was to Kahekili; that of Haalou was originally intended for Kauai, to seek some renowned soothsayer, for which that island was famous, and obtain his opinion as to the best way in which to obtain the supremacy of Hawaii for Kamehameha.
Kikane presented himself before Kahekili at Waikiki, and in the name of Kamehameha offered him two Maikastones, "Ulu-maika," one black and the other white. Kahekili looked at them and said, "This one (the white) represents agriculture, fishing, husbandry, and the prosperity of the government; that one (the black), is a symbol of war. Does Kamehameha want to go to war with Oahu?" On Kikane replying that such was Kamehameha's intention, and that he had been sent as a herald to arrange with Kahekili in a courteous and chiefly manner about the place of landing and the field of battle, Kahekili, after some consideration of the various plans proposed by Kikane, replied, "Go, tell Kamehameha to return to Hawaii, and when he learns that the black kapa covers the body of Kahekili and the sacrificial rites have been performed at his funeral,1 then Hawaii shall be the Maika-stone that will sweep the course from here to Tahiti; let him then come and possess the country." Kikane then presented one more request from Kamehameha, which was for the gods Olapue and Kalaipahoa.2
1 "A kau ht puaa i ka nuhi" lit., comfort the spirit of the defunct, still
"when the hog has been placed at hovering about its mortal remains,
his nose." This was one of the sacri- 2 Olopue or Ololupe was a god who
ficial observances on the demise of conducted the spirits of chiefs to
high chiefs, and is used, as a trope to their final abode after death, and
indicate the entire funeral ceremony, assisted them on the journey. This
The offering of hogs in sacrifice on god was greatly feared by the warrior
the death of a person, especially a chiefs of olden times,
chief, was a mark of respect similar Kalaipahoa. This god was made
to that offered to the idols of the of the wood of the Nioi tree, in which
gods; and the savour of the baked his spirit or essence was supposed to
animal was supposed to refresh aud reside. It was an exceedingly poisonKahekili gave him a chip of the Kalaipahoa, but the Olopue was in charge of the high-priest Kaopuhuluhulu, and Kikane did not obtain it for his master.
Haalou's mission was more successfuL Arrived at Oahu, she was spared the further journey to Kauai by finding the object of her search at Kamoku in Waikiki. His name was Kapoukahi. He was a Kauai man, and related to Haalou's grandmother Kaneikaheilani. Hence he received her overtures kindly, and in reply to her inquiries, instructed her to tell Kamehameha to build a large Heiau for his god at Puukohola, adjoining the old Heiau of Mailekini near Kawaihae, Hawaii; that done, he would be supreme over Hawaii without more loss of life.
Having accomplished their errands, Kikane and Haalou returned to Kamehameha on Molokai.
While these events transpired on Maui and Molokai, Kamehameha's power on Hawaii was seriously threatened. When Keouakuahuula heard of the assistance in men and canoes which KeawemauhUi of Hilo had furnished to Kamehameha on his expedition to Maui, he was greatly irritated, and considered it as a breach of the agreement between them to jointly oppose Kamehameha's pretensions to sovereignty. To punish, therefore, his former ally, Keoua invaded Hilo. A battle was fought at Alae in Hilo-paliku, in which KeawemauhUi was killed, and Keoua added the district of Hilo to his own possessions of Puna and Kau. Elated with his victory, he entered Kamehameha's estates, overran Hamakua, destroying valuable fish ponds and taro patches at Waipio, and plundering the inhabitants. From Waipio he crossed over to Waimea in Kohala, committing similar ravages and barbarities.
ous wood, said to have been found or drink was sure to kill the cononly on Mounaloa, Molokai, though sumer. It is said to hare been disI have heard it said that it was also covered by Kaiakca of Molokai, at found on Lanai. That species of the least its uses, or rather abuses, were Nioi is now extinct. The least par- greatly in vogue in the latter part of tide of the wood inserted in the food his generation.
'When the news of these transactions by Keoua reached Kamehameha at Kaunakakai, he was deeply moved at the death of his uncle Keawcmauhili, and at the ravages and cruelties committed on his people and possessions by Keoua. All thoughts of invading Oahu, even of securing Maui, were given up, for a season at least, for the one imperious necessity of hastening back to Hawaii to protect his own estates and to punish the audacious Keona. Gathering his army and his fleet together, Kamehameha evacuated Maui and Molokai, and returned to Hawaii.
This brings us to the latter months of the year 1790, for it is known that the eruption of Kilauea, which destroyed a portion of Kama's army on its return to Kau, took place in November 1790.
The abrupt departure of Kamehameha and his fleet from Molokai and his return to Hawaii took a great weight off the mind of Kahekili, and plans of vengeance, if not of aggrandisement, occupied his thoughts and brightened his vision in the immediate future. He was doubtless encouraged by Kaeokulani, who by this time had obtained the supremacy of Kauai, and who urged upon his aged brother the golden opportunity of Kamehameha's difficulties with Keoua-faiahmila to avenge the defeat of Kalanikupule on Maui, and to deal a crushing blow to the growing power of Kamehameha. Negotiations and preparations having been perfected between the Kauai and Oahu .sovereigns during the winter months of 1790-91, Kaeokulani left Kauai with a well-equipped fleet of war canoes, accompanied by his nephew Feapea,1 his military commanders Kiikiki and Kaiawa, his foreign gunner Mare Amara,2 and a number of ferocious trained dogs, and arrived at Oahu in the spring of 1791.
1 Peajxa was a son of Kamehameha- second name, "Amara," is but the nut, already referred to. Hawaiian corruption of the English
2 Who this man was and in what "Armourer." The man was probably ship he arrived at the islands, I am the gunner or blacksmith of some unable to say. His first name was of the foreign vessels trading at the "Mare," Hawaiianised, but the islands.
VOL. II. Q
Kahekili appointed his son Kalanikupule as regent of Oahu during his absence, and the combined fleets of Kahekili and Kaeokulani started for the Windward Islands. Making a short stay at Kaunakakai, Molokai, the fleet passed to the windward side of Maui, and landed for a while at Waihee and Waiehu. It would appear from subsequent facts as if some convention or stipulation had been agreed upon between Kahekili and Kmkulani, in virtue whereof Kahekili had transferred, either provisionally or permanently, the sovereign authority over Maui to Kaeo. Certain it is that the latter on his arrival, commenced to divide up the island, apportioning the various districts among the Kauai chiefs and warriors. This proceeding gave great umbrage to the sons of Kahekili and to the ancient Maui chiefs, and came near breaking up the entire expedition of the two kings. A quarrel and an e'meute arose on this subject at Paukukalo, near Waiehu, between the Kauai and Maui chiefs, in which Koalaukani, one of the sons of Kahekili, greatly distinguished himself for his bravery against a vastly superior number of Kauai warriors.
In some way not now particularly remembered, this misadventure was smoothed over without more serious results, and the two fleets left Waiehu, Kaeokulani going round by the Koolau side to Hana to recruit, and Kahekili going farther on to Mokulau in Kaupo, for the same purpose. It is reported that while at Hana, Kaeokulani ascended the famous hill of Kauwiki, and, in a spirit of bravado, threw his spear up into the air, exclaiming, "It is said of old that the sky comes down close to Hana, but I find it quite high, for I have thrown my spear,' Kamoolehua,' and it did not pierce the sky, and I doubt if it will hit Kamehameha; but hearken, O Kauai! you chiefs, warriors, and relations, be strong and be valiant, and we shall drink the water of Waipio and eat the taro of Kunaka."
Leaving Hana, the fleet of Kaeokulani sailed direct for "Waipio, Hawaii, where he landed his troops and ravaged the valley thoroughly. The acts of spoliation and barbarity committed on this occasion were the common occurrence of war in those days, and would not of themselves have stained the memory of Kaeokulani in the native estimation; but his disregard and desecration of the ancient tabu places, the tearing up and overturning the sacred pavement of Liloa, the burning of the sacred pepper-tree supports of the ancient palace of the Hawaiian kings, said to have been built by Kahoiikapu, and his general demolition and destruction of all the sacred and valued mementoes of ancient times, in which that valley was so rich,—these and similar acts were regarded as unpardonable acts of vandalism, for which the insulted gods and "Aumakuas" would in due time exact a condign and fearful punishment.
While these outrages of the Hawaiian public sentiment were perpetrated by Kaeokulani in Waipio, the Kahekili division of the fleet, leaving Mokulau, had landed at Halawa in the Kohala district of Hawaii, and after various desultory and unimportant skirmishes with the troops of Kamehameha, proceeded to join Kaeokulani at Waipio.
Kamehameha was in the Kona district when he received the tidings of the invasion of Kahekili and Kaeokulani. His preparations to repel the invasion were not long in being perfected. Collecting a large fleet of double canoes, many of which were filled with small cannon obtained from traders, and with the sloop which Kameeiamoku had captured from the ship " Eleanor" the preceding year,1 he
1 So the native account collected by she was captured. But Vancouver S. M. Kamakau says; but Vancouver, does nowhere state that Young and in vol. ii. p. 165, says that in March Davis had told him of their accom1793 the sloop was lying in a creek panying Kamehameka in his camabout four miles from Kealakeakua, paigns, while at the same time he where she had been hauled up, and expressly states that for a long time was fast decaying for want of neces- after their capture they invariably sary repairs. The impression is ob- accompanied Kamehameka wherever tained from Vancouver's recital of he went. The silence of Vancouver what Young and Davis told him that is, therefore, no denial of the correctthe vessel had not been used since ness of the native account.
started for Waipio, placing John Young and Isaac Davis in command of his artillery. Not far from Waipio, near the Pali Hulaana of Waimanu, the hostile fleets met, and the first naval battle was fought in Hawaiian waters in which modern gunnery formed a conspicuous element of strength on both sides. No particulars of this battle have been handed down; no chief of any prominence lost his life in tins' engagement. It is said, however, to have been sanguinary, and many lives and not a few canoes on either side were lost of whom Hawaiian fame had made no note; but the artillery of Kamehameha seems to have been too heavy or too well served for his foes, as he remained master of the situation; and Kahekili and Kaeokulani returned to Hana in Maui with their shattered fleet, and with no farther thoughts of invading Hawaii, fortunate if they might be able to defend Maui from the retaliatory invasion by Kamehameha, which they certainly expected, and which they are known to have strained all their resources to frustrate.
This sea-fight off Waipio is remembered by the natives under the name of "Ke-pu-waha-ula-ula" and also of "Kawai." It occurred in 1791, before the death of Keoua Kuahuula.
Some time after this, Peapea Makawalu, the nephew of Kahekili and Kaeo, was fatally wounded by the explosion of a keg of gunpowder on the hill of Kauwiki. He was removed to Honokohau in the Kaanapali district, where he shortly afterwards died from his wounds.1
Kahekili and Kaeo remained on Maui during the winter of 1791 and during the whole of the year 1792. It was during this latter year that Captain Vancouver, commanding H.B.S.S. " Discovery" and " Chatham," arrived at these islands. Touching at Kealakeakua Bay on Hawaii on 3d
1 Vancouver in his "Voyage of Dis- his other name Namahana, had only
covery," vol. iii., says that in March a short time before been killed by an
1794 he heard from the natives of explosion of gunpowder. Maui that Peapea, whom he calls by
March, he inquired after Kalaniopuu, and learned that he was dead. Kamehameha being absent,1 Vancouver, passing by Maui without stopping, proceeded to Oahu and anchored off Waikiki on 7th March. There he learnt that Kahekili and JKaeo were absent on Molokai or Maui making preparations to repel an expected invasion by Kamehameha, and no person of distinction appearing, he left Oahu on the 8th and anchored at "Waiinea, Kauai, on the 9th, and left there for the north-west coast of America on the 14th of the same month.
The political situation of the islands of this group at this period may be concisely stated in this way. On Hawaii Kamehameha and Keoua Kuahuula were still contending for the sovereignty of the island, though Keoua's strength was gradually being exhausted. The great Heiau of Puukohola had been built, yet Keoua stubbornly defended himself, and his subjection by war seemed as distant as ever. By false representations and promises of safety he was induced during the fall of this year or early in 1792 to go to Kawaihae to confer with Kamehameha, and on his arrival was treacherously killed and sacrificed at the Heiau. On Maui, Molokai, and Oahu, Kahekili was still the recognised actual sovereign, but owing to his great age and feeble health the regency of Oahu and Molokai was intrusted to his son Kalanikupule; and his brother Kaeokulani remained with him on Maui to administer the affairs of that island, while the government of Kauai and the guardianship of Kaeokulani's son, Kaumualii. the legitimate Moi of Kauai, was intrusted to a high chief named Nakaikuaana?
As Oahu had virtually lost its autonomy on the overthrow and death of Kahahana, the events connected with
1 On 5th March Vancouver stopped ways by the name of Enemo, and says
off Kawaihae, where he saw Keeau- that his other name was Wdkea; and
moku, and gave him some goats,, it is said that he was a brother of
seeds, &c. Kaahumanu, one of Kamehameha's
1 Such is his name in the native wives. The real name and the lineage
accounts. Vancouver calls him al- of this chief are unknown to me.
its history may properly be referred to under the reigns of the Maui kings.
Vancouver's visit to Oahu in March 1792 left no special recollections in the native mind but the to them singular and inexplicable fact that these two foreign vessels positively refused to barter guns, ammunition, and arms for hogs, potatoes, or refreshments of any kind that might be offered. The foreign traders who had visited the islands since their discovery by Captain Cook had so recklessly pandered to the lust of the native chieftains to possess firearms and ammunition, used only for their own destruction, that they could not appreciate the humane motive of Vancouver in his refusal, and his reception, though civil and without any untoward accidents, was proportionately cool.
On the 7th of May 1792 the English national ship "Daedalus," acting as a storeship for Vancouver's expedition, and under command of Lieutenant Hergest, arrived off the north coast of Oahu, and standing in for the land, came-to off the mouth of the Waimea stream, in the Koolauloa district. While lying off and on in this roadstead a party was sent ashore on the nth to procure fresh water, accompanied by Lieutenant Hergest and Mr. Gooch, the astronomer.
The result of this watering-party was unfortunate, and another tragedy was enacted, which, although entirely unprovoked by the foreigners, has not received a moiety of the sympathy and comments from the civilised world which have shed such a halo over the memory of Cook as a martyr to science. Lieutenant Hergest and Mr. Goocli were foully murdered by the natives of Waimea, on set purpose, for the sake of plunder. By his own harsh and injudicious conduct Captain Cook drove the natives of Kealakeakua into open resistance, and fell ingloriously in an affray of his own seeking. In thus expressing myself, I only give utterance, as an historian, to what I know to be the native national sentiment on the subject. The Hawaiians never felt that they were in the wrong, or admitted that they were to blame for the death of Captain Cook, but they freely admit that they were solely to blame for the deaths of Lieutenant Hergest and Mr. Gooch, and they acquiesced then in, and appreciate now, the justice of Vancouver's proceedings in that regard the following year.
By comparing the native narratives of this transaction at Waimea with that of Vancouver and other foreign writers, I think the following will contain briefly the substantial facts of the case.
After the repulse of Kahekili and Kaeokulani in the naval engagement called " Kepuwahaulaula," off the Pali Hulaana, on the Hamakua coast of Hawaii, the inferiority of firearms on the losing side had become disastrously manifest, and a desire to obtain a more abundant supply became the dominant passion of the chiefs who had shared and lost in the above-mentioned campaign. Whether Kahekili or. Kaeo ordered or countenanced any violent measures against foreign vessels or their crews for the purpose of obtaining arms is doubtful, and has never been charged against them by the foreigners nor admitted by the natives.1 But it is tolerably clear that Kalanikupule, KahekUi's viceroi on Oahu, had instructed his chiefs and military officers, or at least that they so understood his instructions, that although he was not willing to compromise himself by allowing violent measures or treatment of foreign vessels or their crews at the principal trading port at Waikiki, where he himself resided, yet violent measures, if successful in obtaining guns, side-arms, and ammunition—peaceful barter failing—from any vessels that might touch at the out-of-way districts of the island, would not only not be punished, but would be looked upon and rewarded as a service rendered to the state or the sovereign.
1 Vancouver distinctly exculpates Kahekili and Kaeo from any complicity, direct or indirect, in this sad affair.
When, therefore, Koi1—a military chief who had shared in the late campaign against Hawaii, and was now stationed in the neighbourhood of Waimea—observed the arrival of the "Daedalus" and the landing of the wateringparty, he laid his plan3 to obtain some of the coveted articles.
The watering-party, finding the water near the mouth of the stream rather brackish, rolled their casks some distance farther up, where the water was thoroughly fresh. Having filled their casks, the seamen were rolling them to the sea, assisted or impeded, as the case might he, by the natives that were crowding around them. In this general scramble a dispute arose between the seamen and the natives, a melee ensued, in which a Portuguese sailor was killed,2 and the rest of the sailors escaped on board of their boats that were laying off the mouth of the river, Meanwhile Lieutenant Hergest and Mr. Gooch had been enticed away from the watering-party by Koi and his men, under pretext of selling them some fine hogs and vegetables, when suddenly they were attacked with stones,3 knocked down, and killed. The boats with the watering-party on board fired on the natives on the beach. The "Daedalus," seeing the boats firing, brought her broadside to bear on the scene and fired for some time up the valley, but apparently no great damage was done to the natives. That evening the "Daedalus" stood off to sea, and proceeded to join the Vancouver expedition on the north-west coast of America.4
1 Koi was an important personage that they were rolling to the sea, and among the courtiers of Kahekili. He ran speedily to the boats and comwas also a priest of the Kaleopuu- menced firing on the natives.
puu family, and to him belonged the 3 Kapcdeaiuku and Kuania were
Heiau and the grounds at Kapokea, the two men of Koi's following who
in Waihee, Maui. commenced throwing stones at the
2 The native accounts make no two officers.
mention of killing the Portuguese 4 The account given by Captain sailor. They state that the sailors, Vancouver, vol. ii. p. 96, as he re. seeing the natives surrounding and ceived it from Mr. New, the master stoning Lieutenant Hergest and Mr. of the "Dsedalus," is as follows:— Gooch, deserted their water-casks "In the morning of the 7th of May
The guns, pistols, side-arms, &c, of the killed foreigners were secured by Koi, their bodies taken to Mokuleia, in the Waialua district, where they were dissected and the "bones kept for future use; and in due time Koi presented himself at Waikiki before Kalanikupule with the spoils which he had obtained, and, as the native legend says, Kalanikupul e was greatly rejoiced at the acquisition to his armoury.
In the spring of 1793 Vancouver returned from the coast of America to the Hawaiian group, and anchored off Kawaihae, Hawaii, on 13 th February. Having been kindly and liberally entertained by Kamehameha and the Hawaii chiefs, to whom he had brought some cattle from California, and having fully discussed, and, as he thought, satisfactorily arranged a plan for the pacification of the
the 'Djedalus' arrived in that hay where the 'Resolution' and 'Discovery' had anchored in 1779, but Mr. Uergest declined anchoring there, as he considered the inhabitants of that neighbourhood to be the most savage and deceitful of any amongst those islands. For this reason he lay to, and purchased from the natives some hogs, vegetables, and a few gourds of water. In the evening he stood off shore, and desired that the inhabitants would bring a farther supply of water and refreshments the next morning; but it falling calm, and the current setting the ship to the westward, it was near noon on the nth before they regained the shore, when Mr. Hergest receded from his former wise determination, and, unhappily for himself and those who fell with him, ordered the ship to be anchored. The cutter was hoisted out and veered astern for the better convenience of purchasing water from the natives, but before three casks were filled, which was soon done, he ordered the cutter alongside, the full casks to be taken out and replaced by empty ones; and
then, accompanied as usual by Mr. Gooch, he went on shore, and another boat was hoisted out for the purpose of obtaining water, while those on board continued making purchases until near dusk. At this time the cutter returned with only five persons instead of the eight who had gone on shore in her, from whom was learned the distressing intelligence that Mr. Hergest and Mr. Gooch, and two of the boat's crew, having landed unarmed with two of the water-casks to fill, their defenceless situation was perceived by the natives, who immediately attacked them, killed one of the people, and carried off the commander and the astronomer. The other, beiDg a very stout active man, made his escape through a great number of these savages, fled to the boat, and with two others landed again with two muskets, and with the intention to rescue their officers and to recover the body of their messmate. They soon perceived that both Mr. Hergest and Mr. Gooch were yet alive amongst a vast concourse of the inhabitants, who were stripping them and forcing them up the hills behind islands, Vancouver left Kealakeakua on 8th March, and touching at Kawaihae on the 9th, anchored in Maalaea Bay, Maui, on the nth, having the previous evening, while to the eastward of Molokini, fallen in with a canoe purporting to have been sent by Kahekili to inquire who he was and what his intentions. Vancouver returned a satisfactory answer, and despatched the chief in command of the canoe with a suitable present for Kahekili.
About noon of the 1 ith Kamohomoho arrived at Maalaea and informed Vancouver that he had been sent by Kahekili to pilot the ship to Lahaina. That same evening the "Discovery" and the " Chatham" anchored off Lahaina.
Vancouver's description of Lahaina, as it was in 1793, may interest the Hawaiian reader. He says:1
"The village of Eaheina is of some extent towards the
the village; they endeavoured to get near the multitude, but were so assailed by stones from the crowd, who had now gained the surrounding hills, that they were under the painful necessity of retiring; and as night was fast approaching, they thought it most advisable to return on board, that more effectual means might be resorted to on this unfortunate occasion.
"Mr. New immediately assembled all the officers, to consult with them what was best to be done. It was agreed to stand off and on with the ship during the night, and in the morning to send the cutter, well manned and armed, on shore, and if possible to recover their unfortunate commander and shipmates. An old chief belonging to Attowai, who had been on board since the 'Dasdalus' entered the bay, and had been promised by Mr. Hergest a passage to his native island, went also in the boat to assist as interpreter, and went towards the natives, of whom he demanded the absent gentlemen, on which he was informed they were both killed the preceding night. Having delivered this message, he
was sent back to demand their bodies, but was told in reply that they hiul both been cut in pieces and divided among seven different chiefs; at least it was so understood by those in the boat from the language and signs which the chief made use of.
'' After this conversation the savages came in great numbers towards the seaside and threw stones at the party in the boat, who fired several times, and at length obliged them to retire. Finding their errand to be completely fruitless, the boat returned on board, in which the old chief re-embarked, and the vessel bore away to land him, agreeably to a former promise, at Attowai; but when they were about five or six leagues to leeward of Woahoo, about five in the evening, the old chief made a sudden spring overboard and swam from the ship, which was instantly brought to; but on finding that he still continued to swim from them, without the least inclination of returning on board, they filled their sails, and having then no business at Attowai, they made the best of their way towards Nootka, agreeably to my directions."
1 Vol. ii. p. 176.
north-vest part of the roadstead. It seemed to be pleasantly situated on a space of low or rather gently elevated land, in the midst of a grove of bread-fruit, cocoa-nut, and other trees. To the eastward the country seemed nearly barren and uncultivated, and the shores were bounded by a reef, on which the surf seemed to break with so much force as to preclude any landing with our boats. In the village the houses seemed to be numerous and to be well inhabited. A few of the natives visited the ships; these brought but little with them, and most of them were in very small miserable canoes. These circumstances strongly indicated their poverty, and proved what had been frequently asserted at Owhyhee, that Mowee and its neighbouring islands were reduced to great indigence by the wars in which for many years they had been engaged."
While on Hawaii, Vancouver had been told that three of the murderers of Lieutenant Hergest of the "Daedalus" had been put to death by the orders of Kahekili; but he was also told there that those murders were premeditated1 by them (Kahekili and Kaeo), and committed by their express orders, for the sole purpose of revenging a difference that had happened between them and Mr. Ingraham.2 He was assured, however, by Kamohomoho and Kahekili that such was not the case; that not only had no such orders been issued by Kahekili or Kaeo, nor had any chief been connected with the murder of the " Daedalus'" people, but that it had been perpetrated by a lawless gang living on that side of Oahu; and that as soon as they (Kahekili and Kaeo) became acquainted with the sad event, they had immediately sent orders to Oahu to arrest and put to death those who were guilty of the murder, and that in consequence three of the most prominent of the gang had been executed, three or four others equally guilty having escaped to the mountains and eluded pursuit for a long time. As Vancouver insisted that those men should also be caught and punished by their own chiefs as a warning
1 Vol. ii. p. 177. 2 Of the "Hope," a North-West trader.
to others, it was arranged that Kamohomoho should accompany him to Oahu in order to see Kahekili's orders to that effect duly executed.
During his stay on Hawaii, Vancouver had taken great pains to impress upon Kamehameha and his chiefs the necessity, propriety, and mutual advantages of the island chiefs living in peace and harmony with one another, instead of impoverishing each other by continual wars and the destruction of people and property. Though the Hawaii chiefs were rather reluctant to accede to this new peace policy, they finally agreed that if Vancouver could induce KdhehUi and Kaeo—whom they greatly distrusted— to enter honestly and fairly into such an arrangement, they would be content with Hawaii for themselves, and leave Maui and the leeward islands to Kahekili and Kaeo. Acting upon this understanding, Vancouver lost no time, after his arrival at Lahaina, to lay before Kahekili and the Maui chiefs there assembled the propositions of Kamehameha and the Hawaii chiefs, backed by his own serious recommendations. Kahekili and the chiefs listened attentively, admitted the great benefit that would accrue to their country from a period of peace and rest, but that they knew Kamehameha too well to place any reliance upon his promises to keep the peace. He was ambitious of fame, they said, and greedy of possessions. Their jealousy and mistrust of KameMmeha was apparently deep rooted and not easily overcome. After a lengthy discussion the meeting was adjourned till the following day, when Kaeo, who was now on Molokai, would have returned. On the 13th March, Kaeo being present, the subject was resumed, and it was proposed that Vancouver should return to Hawaii with Kaeo on board as ambassador from Kahekili, and that then and there, under the eyes of Vancouver, the treaty of peace should be negotiated and concluded. With this Vancouver stated his inability to comply, on account of the limited time at his disposition; but he proposed to send a letter to John Young, asking him to notify Kamehameha that Kahekili and the Maui chiefs were willing to enter into a treaty of peace on the conditions agreed upon between Kamehameha and Vancouver, and that a prominent chief should be sent with this letter, assuring them that on receipt of said letter Kamehameha would assemble his chiefs and ratify the peace thus concluded, adding that if Kamehameha should refuse, he, Vancouver, would withdraw his friendship and favour from him and his island. To this proposition Kahekili, Kaeo, and the other chiefs agreed, and a high chief, whom Vancouver calls Martier,1 was appointed to carry the letter to Hawaii and conclude the negotiations. The great good-will and disinterested endeavours of Vancouver to establish a peace between the Hawaii and Maui sovereigns unfortunately came to nothing. Though the native historians make no mention of this transaction, either in the life of Kamehameha or that of Kahekili, yet we gather from what Vancouver says, on his return that winter to the islands, that the Maui chiefs appear to have performed their part of the plan proposed by Vancouver. He then learned2 that a small party had arrived from Maui on the west coast of Hawaii, but had been driven away by the inhabitants. Several versions of the affair were told to Vancouver, and this is what he says:—
"Immediately on my arrival here I inquired if my letter from Mowee had been received, and received an answer in the negative. But I was given to understand that a small party from that island had arrived on the western side of Owhyhee, whose object was suspected to be that of seizing some of the inhabitants there for the purpose of taking them away and of sacrificing them in their religious rites at Mowee; and some reports went so far as to assert that this diabolical object had been effected. On farther inquiry, however, this fact appeared
1 Who this chief may have been I of that time. The English of that
am unable to tell. The name as day made sad havoc of Polynesian
Vancouver gives it bears no resem- names,
blance to any known chief's name 2 VoL iii. p. 49.
blance to any known chief's name 2 VoL iii. p. 49.
to be by no means established, as it was positively insisted on by some, and by others as positively denied. One circumstance, however, both parties agreed in—that of the people from Mowee having been under the necessity of making a hasty retreat. I could not understand that any chief was in the neighbourhood of the place where they had landed; and Tamaahmaah himself, either from a conviction that they had been unfairly dealt with, or that I should disapprove of the suspicious narrow policy that had influenced the conduct of his people on this occasion, was unwilling to allow that he had been made duly acquainted with their arrival, and was always desirous of avoiding the subject in conversation.
"After many attempts to fix his attention, I at length explained to him what was the result of my negotiation with the chiefs at Mowee; and he then seemed to concur in opinion with me, that the party from Mowee who had landed on the western side of Owhyhee, could be no other than the embassy charged with my letter and invested with powers to negotiate for a general pacification."
Although Vancouver's kindly disposition accepts the foregoing explanation, and appears loath to charge the failure of the Maui embassy to Kamehameha or his chief counsellors, yet to those acquainted with the character of the people and the spirit of that time, the desire to please and the fear to offend those whom they looked upon as present friends and possible auxiliaries in their dreams of conquest, their power of equivoques and peculiarity of expressing them, to such the hesitating "pelapaha"1 with which Kamehameha seemed to concur in opinion with Vancouver, joined to his "unwillingness to allow that he had been made duly acquainted," &c, and "desire of avoiding the subject in conversation," would bs good if indirect proofs of his knowledge of and collusion with those who forcibly repelled and frustrated the Maui embassy. It is doing Kamehameha no injustice, and it is no
1 "Perhaps so."
detraction from his other great qualities, to say that he was not equal to the large-hearted philanthropy of Vancouver. And so ended the last and best-laid scheme of peacemaking between these jealous and embittered foes, and henceforth the conquest of the leeward islands was "but a question of time and of favourable opportunity in the not distant, future.
To Hawaiian readers it may be interesting to know the description that Vancouver gives of Kahekili and Kaeo. The former especially had filled so prominent a part in Hawaiian politics for the last thirty years. Speaking of the first meeting with Kahekili, Vancouver says:1—
"On Wednesday afternoon, 13th March 1793, we were honoured with the presence of Titeeree, who I was given to understand was considered as the king of all the islands to leeward of Owhyhee, and that from him Taio derived his authority. There seemed, however, nothing in his character or appearance to denote so high a station, nor was his arrival attended by any accumulation in the number of the natives on the shores or in the canoes about the vessels. He came boldly alongside, but entered the ship with a sort of partial confidence, accompanied by several chiefs who constantly attended him. His age, I suppose, must have exceeded sixty. He was greatly debilitated and emaciated, and from the colour of his skin I judged his feebleness to have been brought on by an excessive use of the ava. His faltering voice bespoke the decline of life, and his countenance, though furrowed by his years and irregularities, still preserved marks of his having been in his juvenile days a man of cheerful and pleasing manners, with a considerable degree of sensibility, which the iron hand of time had not entirely obliterated."
Of Kaeokulani Vancouver says, referring to the circumstance of Kaeo reminding him of a lock of his hair that he had given Kaeo when visiting the islands in 1778, on 1 Vol. ii. p. 182.
board of the "Resolution " with Captain Cook, and which exchange of friendship's tokens Vancouver seems to have forgotten:—
"The circumstance of the hair having before been frequently mentioned to me, had made me endeavour to recall the person of this former friend to my remembrance, and on recollection, I suspected that Taio must have been a young chief, at that time about eighteen years of age, who had made me several presents, and who had given me many other instances of his friendly attention. But to my great surprise, on his entering the cabin, I beheld him far advanced in years, seemingly about fifty, and though evidently a much younger man than Titeeree, yet nearly reduced to the same state of debility. If he were really the person I had considered him to have been, I must have been much mistaken with respect to his age on our former acquaintance, or the intemperate use of that pernicious intoxicating plant, the ava, which he took in great quantities, assisted by the toils of long and fatiguing wars, had combined to bring upon him a premature old age. Notwithstanding these appearances of the decline of life, his countenance was animated with great quickness and sensibility, and his behaviour was affable and courteous. His inquiries were of the most sagacious nature respecting matters of useful information. The shrewdness of his understanding, his thirst to acquire and wish to communicate useful, interesting, or entertaining knowledge, sufficiently indicated a very active mind, and did not fail to impress us with a very favourable opinion of his general character."
On the 18th March Vancouver left Lahaina with Kamohomoho on board. After examining the southern and western shores of Molokai, he anchored off Waikiki, Oahu, on the 20th March 1793.
The main object of Vancouver's visit to Waikiki was to see that the remaining murderers of the officers and man of the "Daedalus " were apprehended and punished. ITamoihomoho, who had accompanied Vancouver as high commissioner from Kahektti to attend to this business, secured the apprehension of three natives, who were brought on board the "Discovery" for trial. A native —whom Vancouver calls Tohoobooarto, who had been a voyage to China with some of the foreign traders, who spoke a little English, and who said he had visited the "Daedalus" in Waimea Bay, and went ashore in the same boat as Lieutenant Hergest after dissuading him from landing—was the principal witness who identified the prisoners to Kamohomoho, by whose orders they were apprehended. A Mr. Dobson, who had been midshipman of the " Daedalus" on the occasion, identified one of the prisoners as having been very turbulent and insolent on board of the " Daedalus " before Lieutenant Hergest went ashore, and who immediately followed him thither, and whom the crew of the " Daedalus," after the occurrence, accused of having been the ringleader or principal actor in the murders committed on shore. Adding to this the general belief of the chiefs present that the prisoners were concerned in and guilty of the crime they stood accused of—an opinion confirmed by Kalanikupule himself, who, however, pleaded sickness as an excuse for not attending the trial—Vancouver considered himself justified in sanctioning their conviction and punishment. The three prisoners denied their guilt, and stoutly asserted their ignorance of the whole occurrence. "This very assertion," Vancouver thinks, "amounted almost to self-conviction, as it is not easy to believe that the execution of their comrades by Titeeree's orders for the same offence with which they had been charged had not come to their knowledge, or that it could have escaped their recollec
On the 22d March the prisoners were placed in a double canoe alongside of the " Discovery," and, in sight of the shore and of numbers afloat in their canoes, were
publicly executed, a chief, whom Vancouver calls Tennavee, shooting each one of them with a pistol.
It is very probable that the three first natives who were punished with death by the order of Kahekili for the murder of the "Daedalus" people were more or less concerned in the affair, and that when Kahekili learned from the foreigners residing with him that such an outrage on an English national vessel would surely, sooner or later, meet with condign punishment and prove highly injurious to himself, he then ordered the execution of the three first offenders as an expiation, and to put himself right on the record, as it were. And it is equally probable—their protestations to the contrary notwithstanding—that the three last offenders, who were executed in the presence of Vancouver, were also implicated in the murder. But we have the positive declaration of S. M. Kamakau, who in after-life conversed with one of the parties participating in the murder, that Koi, the head and instigator of the whole affair, and his immediate subordinates, were neither apprehended, punished, nor even molested, and that the parties executed were criminals of other offences, who, their lives having been forfeited under the laws and customs of the country, were imposed upon Vancouver as the guilty parties in the " Daedalus " affair.
On the 23d March, Kalanikupule, the son of Kahekili and the viceroy on Oahu, visited Vancouver, who thus describes him:—" Trytooboory appeared to be about thirtythree years of age; his countenance was fallen and reduced, his emaciated frame was in a most debilitated condition, and he was so totally deprived of the use of his legs, that he was under the necessity of being carried about like an infant; to these infirmities was added a considerable degree of fever, probably increased by the hurry and fatigue of his visit." >
On the 24th March Vancouver left Waikiki, and after inspecting the Puuloa inlet to the Ewa lagoon, proceeded
to Kauai. In mid-channel he fell in with a fleet of canoes on their way from Kauai to Maui, carrying dispatches and a number of prisoners to Kaeo, informing him of a revolt that had occurred on Kauai against the authority of Enemo, his regent there, and of its suppression. At the head of this fleet was a single canoe that attracted Vancouver's attention. It was made from an American pine-tree that had drifted ashore on Kauai; it was the largest single canoe that he had seen, being sixtyone and a half feet long. It carried, as trophies of the suppression of the revolt, the leg-bones, with some of the flesh adhering, of two chiefs that had been engaged in it and been killed. The other canoes carried a number of prisoners, several of whom, Vancouver says, "were his (Kaeo's) nearest relations; one in particular was his halfsister, who had also been his wife or mistress, and had borne him some children."
Arrived off Waialua, Kauai, Vancouver was kindly received by Kaumualii and the chiefs there present, and proceeding to Waimea, he landed and provided for two Hawaiian girls from Niihau, whom an English trader had carried off the preceding year to the north-west coast of America, where Vancouver found them, and kmdly gave them a passage home.
On his return from the American coast in the spring of 1794, Vancouver visited Hawaii first. Leaving that island on March 3d and proceeding westward, he spoke some canoes off Hamakuapoko, Maui, who told him that Kahekili was on Oahu, and that Kaeo was on Molokai at that time.
Of the occurrences on the leeward group of the islands under the sway of Kahekili and Kaeo from March 1793 to March 1794, our only information comes from Vancouver's valuable account of his voyage. We there leam that shortly before his arrival—either latter part 1793 or in the early part of 1794, while he was at Hawaii— Enema's conduct as regent under Kaeo on Kauai had become so suspicious and apparently disloyal, that Kahekili, advised of the fact, and acting for his brother Kaeo, who was absent on Maui or Molokai, sent an embassy to Kauai to investigate the matter. Vancouver intimates that the "renegade white men" in Enemo's employ had instigated him to his disloyal conduct, and that they killed the greater portion of Kahekili's messengers. In this critical situation Kahekili, notwithstanding his advanced age, acted with his usual promptitude and decision. Obtaining a passage for himself and his following on board of the English ship " Butterworth," Captain Brown, he proceeded to Kauai and summoned Encmo to justify himself. Either overawed by the presence of Kahekili, or conscious of his own innocence, Enemo met Kahekili in conference, a compromise of existing difficulties was effected, and Enemo was retained as regent of Kauai.
From the native accounts it does appear that, after the above trouble on Kauai, Kahekili visited Maui once more, and returning to Oahu in the month of "Ikiiki" (June), died in the month of "Kaaona" (July) 1794 at Ulukou, Waikiki. His age is not accurately known, but as by all native accounts he was the reputed, if not the legitimate and acknowledged, father of Kamehameha I., he could not well have been less than eighty years old, and was probably some years older. The same authorities state that Kameeiamoku and his twin-brother Kamanawa secretly took Kahekili's body away and hid it in one of the caves at Kaloko in North Kona, Hawaii. If this fact is truly accredited to those two Hawaiian chieftains, and, although happening in comparatively modern times, I have never heard or seen it disputed, it will, in consideration of the ancient customs, go far to justify the current opinion of that time, shared alike by chiefs and commoners, that Kameeiamoku and Kamanawa were the children of Kekaulike of Maui, and thus half-brothers of Kahekili. This relationship receives farther confirmation from the native legends when they relate that, on learning the birth of Kamehameha, Kahekili sent these two sons of his father Kekaulike1 to Hawaii to be and act as "Kahus"2 to Kamehameha. In no other way can the otherwise singular fact be explained that two of Kamehameha's oldest and most prominent and trusted councillor chiefs, during a time of what may be called suspended hostilities, should have repaired from Hawaii to Oahu for the purpose of securing and safely hiding (Huna-kele) the bones of Kamehameha's political rival; nor the otherwise equally inexplicable fact that they should have been permitted by Kalanikupule, Kahekili's son and successor, to carry their design into effect. Under the social system of the old regime, and of time-hallowed custom, Kamehameha would have had no power to prevent those chiefs from executing their pious errand, and Kalanikupule would have had no motive to mistrust their honesty when resigning to them his father's remains; and a breach of trust on their part would have consigned them to an infamy of which Hawaiian history had no precedent, and so deep, that the Hawaiian language would not have had a word detestable enough wherewith to express it.
Kahekili had two wives :—(1.) Kauwahine, of the Kaupo Koo and Kaiuli chief families. Her children were— Kalanikupule and Koalaukani, already referred to, and two daughters, Kailikauoha and Kalola; the former became the wife of Ulumeheihei Hoopilikane (son of Kameeiamoku) and mother of Liliha, the princely and popular wife of governor Boki of Oahu after the death of Kamehameha I.; of the latter daughter, Kalola, nothing is known with certainty. (2.) Luahiwa, daughter of Kekaulike and his Molokai wife Kane-a-Lae, and thus a half-sister to Kahekili. With her Kahekili had a son, Kahekilinuiahunu, also frequently called Manonokauakapekulani, who married
1 Though every Hawaiian genealogy legends which refer to these two chiefs
in my possession invariably states that call them the sons of Kekaulike. "Na
Kameeiamoku and Kamanatva were keiki kapu a Kekaulike."
the twin children of Keawepoepoe and 2 "Guardians, attendants." hia wife Kanoena, yet all the older
his cousin Kailinaoa, the daughter of Manuhaaipo, one of the sons of Kekaulike and Hoolau. puuniku~ Although Kalanikupule, at his father's death, was recognised as the Moi of Maui and its dependencies, Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu, yet the previous arrangement between Kahekili and Kaeokulani remained in force for some time, the latter governing Maui and the adjacent islands, while Kalanikupule ruled over Oahu.
Towards the close of the year 1794 Kaeo became very desirous of revisiting Kauai and placing affairs there on a better footing. Embarking with his chiefs and his soldiers, he left Maui and stopped a while on Molokai to collect tribute and take in supplies.
It is not stated in the native accounts whether any jealousy or ill-feeling had arisen between Kaeo and Kalanikupule, nor, if so, what may have been the occasion of it. Certain it is that when Kalanikupule was informed that Kaeo was coming with a great force on his way to Kauai, he assembled his chiefs and fighting men in Waimanalo, Koolaupoko district, in readiness to repel Kaeo should he attempt a landing. Not aware of the hostile reception that awaited him, Kaeo, after leaving Molokai, steered for Kukui in Kalapueo, Waimanalo, but when arriving there he was repulsed by the Oahu forces, and a skirmishing fight was kept up for two days, during which time Kaeo's fleet kept at sea off the coast, exchanging shots with the forces ashore, with apparently no great losses on either side, except that the commander of the Oahu troop3 was shot by Kaeo's foreign gunner, Mare Amara, near a little brook named Muliwaiolena.
By this time Kalanikupule had crossed the mountain and arrived on the scene of action. What influences had operated a change in his mind is not known, but he stopped farther hostile proceedings, permitted Kaeo and his followers to land, and invited him to a conference at Kalapawai, in Kailua. What took place at this meeting is not known, but to all appearance friendship and goodwill were restored between uncle and nephew, and Kaeo remained some time the guest of Kalanikupule.
Still anxious to proceed to Kauai, and unwilliug to tax the hospitality of his nephew too far, Kaeo refitted his fleet and re-embarked his men. Leaving Kailua and proceeding by easy stages, he touched at Wailua and at "Waianae before intending to cross the channel to Kauai. Stopping a few days at Waianae, a defection sprang up among his troops and was surely and rapidly spreading, and is said to have been fomented by Kaiawa and other chiefs. On the eve of departure for Kauai, Kaeo was informed of the conspiracy and of its magnitude, and that the conspirators had resolved to throw him overboard on the passage to Kauai. The motives of this sudden conspiracy have not transpired. No oppressive or tyrannical act had been committed by Kaeo, who, on the contrary, had always been very popular with his subjects. On the other hand, subsequent events go far to show that it wa3 hardly possible that Kalanikupule had tampered with the fealty of Kaeo's chiefs during their se'jour at Kailua, or they would have saved themselves at the battle of Kukiiahu,
In this great emergency Kaeo showed himself equal to the occasion. Only a bold stroke could extricate him from the threatening peril. There would be no possible chance to cope with the conspirators if once they were embarked and afloat on the ocean. Could he divert the rebellion he was unable to rsuppress? Yes; one course was open, and only one. He might save his life and gain a kingdom, or at least fall in battle as became a brave man, instead of being thrown overboard like a dog. The expression he made use of on this occasion, when communicating his resolution to his intimate friends, has been preserved and recorded: "E aho hoi ka make ana i ke kaua, he nui na moepu"—" It is better to die in battle; many will be the companions in death." Next morning the departure for Kauai was countermanded, the canoes
were ordered to be dismantled and hauled up ashore, and the troops were ordered to prepare for a march on WaikiM and war with Kalanikupule.
Kaeo had judged his men correctly. The prospect of battle and renown, the hope of booty and new lands in the fertile valleys of Oahu, brought them back to their allegiance like a charm, and the cloud of revolt fled afar from the camp.
When this new order was proclaimed, the tidings of Kaeo's altered designs flew fast and far. A number of people from Wailua and Waianae flocked to his banner, and Kalanikupule hurried forward what forces he could collect at the moment to stop the advance of Kaeo.
In the month of November 1794 Kaeo broke up his camp at Waianae and marched on Ewa. At a place named Punahawele he encountered the troops of Kalanikupule, who had received an auxiliary force of armed seamen from the English vessels "Jackal" and "Prince Leboo," under command of Captain Brown, who shortly previous had been the first to enter the harbour of Honolulu, known to the natives by the name of Kou. In this first battle Kaeo was victorious. Some of Kalanikupule s hired foreigners were shot by Kaeo's gunner, Mare Amara, and the native troops were routed. Desultory fighting continued for several days afterwards, in all of which fortune still adhered to the arms of Kaeo, who slowly but steadily advanced through the Ewa district.
Worsted but not disheartened, Kalanikupule collected his scattered forces between Kalauao and Aiea, in Ewa, determined to dispute by another pitched battle the progress of Kaeo. The native chroniclers have noted the disposition of Kalanikupule's forces. His brother Koalaukani occupied with the right wing the raised main road from Kalauao to Aiea; his uncle Kamohomoho with the left wing occupied the shingly beach at Malei; and Kalanikupule himself, with his chiefs, occupied the middle of Aiea, while Captain Brown with his armed boats occupied a commanding position off the shore. We know not how Kaeo had marshalled his forces. He was probably advancing through the cultivated fields below and beyond the ravine of Kalauao. The battle took place on the 12th December 1794. It was a long and sanguinary conflict, and occupied nearly the whole of that day, The furious onset of Koalaukani descending from the upland where he was posted is said to have broken the main column of Kaeo's army, and decided the fortune of the day. Kaeo personally is said to have displayed prodigies of valour, but was finally compelled to flee, and with six of his companions in arms sought shelter in a small ravine near the shore of Aiea. His yellow feather cloak, the "Ahuula," betrayed his presence and his rank to the men stationed in the boats off shore, who fired at him and his party while the pursuers rushed upon them from above; and thus, with his face to the foe, like a lion at bay, died Kaeokulani, a perfect type of the personal daring, the martial skill, and the princely qualities that formed the "beau ideal of a Hawaiian chieftain and the admiration of his contemporaries. The native historian Kamakau says that Kaeo's wives and several prominent chiefs were also killed in this battle, which received by the natives the name of "the battle of Kukiiahu." We are not told who those wives of Kaeo were. Kamakahelei, the Kauai princess and mother of his son Kaumualii, was certainly not among the number.
Towards evening of the day of the battle the corpses of the slain were collected and piled up in heaps near the shore at Paaiau. As an instance of an extraordinary escape, it is related that a woman named Kahulunuikaaumoku, a daughter of Kuohu, the high-priest of Kauai, was among the number that were killed where Kaeo fell. To all outward appearance the woman was dead, and as such picked up and thrown on the pile of corpses. Life still lingered, however, though the woman was unconscious. During the early part of the night an owl, or some other carrion bird, hovering over the pile of corpses, alighted on the woman's head and attempted to pick out her eye. The blow of the bird's beak and the smart of the torn eyelid brought her back to consciousness and a sense of her situation. "Watching her opportunity when the sentinel's back was turned, she cautiously slipped off from the ghastly company, and crawling on the ground, reached the waters of the bay. She then swam to the farther side of Aiea, where she landed, and then went to the upper part of Halawa valley. Here she found a cave in which she hid herself, fully expecting to die from her wounds and exhaustion before morning. Morning came, but the woman was still alive; and one of her Kahus, going up to the mountain, passed by her cave, recognised her, and preserving her secret, brought her food and ointment. Two days after the battle Kalanikupule proclaimed an amnesty, and forbade any farther pursuit and slaughter of those who might have escaped the battle. KaJmlunidkaaumoku recovered from her wounds; in after years she embraced Christianity, and died as late as 1834.
Beside the "Jackal" and "Prince Leboo" there was lying in Honolulu harbour at this time an American sloop, the "Lady Washington," Captain Kendrick. When Captain Brown and his sailors returned to Honolulu from the battle of Kukiiahu, he caused a salute to be fired in honour of the victory. A wad from one of the guns entered the cabin of the " Lady Washington" and killed Captain Kendrick, who was at dinner at the time. Captain Kendrick was buried ashore, and the natives looked upon the funeral ceremony as one of sorcery to procure the death of Captain Brown. The son of Captain Kendrick requested Kalanikupule to take good care of his father's grave; but that very night the grave was opened and robbed by the natives, as alleged, for the purpose of obtaining the winding-sheet. Shortly afterwards the "Lady Washington" left for China.
The native accounts state that when Captain Brown engaged to assist Kalanikupule in his war with Kaeo, Kalanikupule had promised to pay him 400 hogs for his services. After the return from the war it appears that Captain Brown insisted upon some additional conditions, to which Kalanikupule and his chiefs strongly objected, and at which they were much annoyed, and plans, said to have been suggested by Kamohomolw, began to be entertained of cutting off the two vessels, should a favourable opportunity offer. The difficulty about the payment seems to have been amicably arranged, and Captain Brown acquiesced in the terms of the original agreement. Accordingly Kalanikupule commenced sending off the hogs in great numbers. Being short of salt wherewith to cure the pork, Captain Brown applied to Kalanikupule, who told him to send to the salt-ponds at Kaihikapu and help himself to as much as he wanted. The boats of the two vessels were sent off accordingly, and it happening to be high water on the reef at Keehi, they arrived at Kaihikapu without inconvenience, and loaded up with salt. In returning, however, the tide at Keehi was at low water, and the boats grounded.
In the meanwhile Captain Brown, who had now been a long time in the harbour, and considered himself .on the most friendly and intimate terms with the Oahu chiefs, and suspecting no treachery, had invited Kalanikupule and a number of others on board of his vessels, it being New Year's day 1795. Kalanikupule, Kamohomoho, and a number of other chiefs and men of lesser note, repaired on board and were feasted and entertained by the two captains. When the visitors perceived that the ships' boats had grounded on the reef at Keehi and the crews were unable to return to the vessels, a general and preconcerted attack was made on the few foreigners that remained on board. Captains Brown and Gardner were killed and most of the seamen on board, while at the same time an overwhelming party was sent off to kill the boats' crews, and take possession of the boats. The greater number of the crews were killed, but a few were spared to assist in navigating the vessels.
In possession of these two vessels, with all their stores of arms and ammunition, Kalanikupule became so elated, that, in a council with his chiefs, it was resolved to start forthwith to Hawaii and to conquer that kingdom from Kamehameha. The account of the subsequent proceedings are differently narrated by Dibble, Jarves, and by Kamakau; but although the two latter agree best together, I prefer to follow Dibble's account as probably the most correct as regards the facts, though he is wrong in the year that he assigns to them
After describing the capture of the vessels, Mr. Dibble says:—" The ship's deck was soon crowded with soldiers and set sail under the management principally of a a few foreigners. When they were fairly out of the harbour off Waikiki, the foreigners began to cover the rigging with oil that was extremely offensive, which so increased the sea-sickness of the king and his soldiers as to be insupportable, and they insisted upon returning into the harbour. On setting sail the second time, Kamohomoho advised that the foreigners should go in canoes, and natives only on board ship. Kalanikupule replied in English, "No." The soldiers therefore set sail in a fleet of canoes, and the foreigners with Kalanikupule, with all the guns, muskets, ammunition, and other means of warfare, and a few attendants perhaps, on board the ship. The foreigners, instead of sailing for Hawaii, stood directly out into the open ocean, sent Kalanikupule ashore at Waikiki, and took a final leave of the islands. It is said they touched at Hawaii and delivered the arms and ammunition to Kamehameha."
Kamakau's account differs somewhat in details, but it is substantially the same as to the results—the failure of Kalanikupule to hold the vessels he had captured and carry out the plans he had formed, and the success of the surviving seamen in escaping with their ships.
Before proceeding farther with the closing events of the
Hawaiian autonymous states under the old rigime, it is proper to take up the Oahu line of kings from the time of Kukaniloko to the death of Kahahana, which closed the autonomy of that island.
Oahu.
Kalaimanuia followed her mother, Kukaniloko, as Moi of Oahu. No foreign or domestic wars appear to have troubled her reign, and little is known of her history. She was born at Kukaniloko, that famous birthplace of Hawaiian royalty, and resided most of her time at Kalauao, in the Ewa district, where the foundations of her houses are still pointed out at Kukiiahu and at Paaiau. To her is attributed the building of the great fishponds of Kapaakea, Opu, and Paaiau. Her husband was Lupe Kapukeahomakalii, a son of Kalanuili (k) and Naluehiloikeahomakalii (w), and he is highly spoken of in the legends as a wise and kind man, who frequently accompanied his royal spouse on the customary circuits of inspection of the island, and assisted her in the government and administration of justice.
An instance of Lupekapu's mildness of disposition has been preserved in the legends. Once a native stole a hog from the chief. When the theft was found out, Lupekapu goes to the house of the thief and asks, " Did you steal my hog?" The native answered trembling, "Yes." Lupekapu then ordered the thief to prepare an oven and bake the hog. "When that was done, he was told to sit down and eat. The thief fell to with a light heart, but on attempting to rise, when his natural appetite was satisfied, he was sternly told to continue eating until he was told to desist. When nearly suffocated with food, the poor wretch was told to get up, and Lupekapu told him, "Next time that you steal your neighbour's hogs, the law of the land that Mailekukahi established will punish you, viz., you will be sacrificed as a malefactor, and your bones will be scraped to make fish-hooks and arrow-heads of."
Kalaimanuia and Lupekapu had four children, three sons and one daughter. The first were Ku-a-Manuia, Kaihikapu-a-Manuia, and Hao; the latter was Kekela. According to ancient custom the sons were given over to their several Kahus or guardians, chiefs of high rank and generally related to the parents, to be by them brought up and educated. Thus Ku-a-M. was brought up at Waikiki, Kaihikapu-a-M. at Waimanalo, Koolaupoko, and Hao at Waikele, Ewa; but the daughter, Kekela, was brought up with her parents.
Before her death Kalaimanuia made the following dispositions of the government and the land. She appointed her eldest son, Ku-a-M., to succeed her as Moi of Oahu, and she gave him the Kona and Koolaupoko districts for his maintenance. To Kaihikapu-a-M. she confided the charge of the tabus, the religious culte, and her family gods, "Kukalani" and "Kuhooneenuu;" and for his maintenance she gave him the lands of Kalauao, Aiea, Halawa, and Moanalua. To Hao she gave the districts of Ewa and Waianae, subject in authority, however, to his elder brother. And to her daughter, Kekela, she gave the districts of Waialua and Koolauloa.
Ku-a-Manuia is spoken of in the legends as an exceedingly greedy and ambitious king, who endeavoured to wrest the lands from his brothers that had been given to them by their mother; and by his niggardliness he incurred the ill-will of the priests and the country-people, and became very unpopular. This manner of bickering and disputes with his brothers continued for about six years, when finally Ku-a-M. resolved on an armed attack on his brother, Kaihikapu-a-M., who was at the time building the two fishponds at Keehi known as Kaihikapu and Lelepaua, Kaihikapu-a-M. defended himself against this sudden attack; the country-people and his brother Hao hurried up to his assistance, and a general battle was fought between Lelepaua and Kapuaikaula, in which Ktb-a-M. was slain. Not long ago a memorial stone was still pointed out on that field as marking the place where Ku-a-M. fell.
The legends have not preserved the names of Ku-aManuia's wives or children.
Kahikapu-a-Manuia followed his brother as Moi of Kaiiakapw Oahu. Tradition has preserved his memory as a pious and worthy chief, who built new Heiaus, repaired the old, and encouraged devotion and religious exercises. During one of the circuits of the island which the Moi occasionally made to inspect the condition of the country, to administer justice, and to dedicate or repair Heiaus, he visited his brother Hao, who lived at Waikele, Ewa, and, as the legend says, was surprised and disturbed in his mind at the wealth of all kinds and the number of vassals and retainers, both chiefs and commoners, that followed the banner of his opulent brother.
Apprehensive that a chief with so abundant material resources might any day rise in revolt and assert his independence, Kaihikapu-a-M. returned to Waikiki and took counsel with his high-priest, Luamea. The priest advised him that open force would not prevail against Hao, but that he might be overcome by stratagem and surprise. The native legend makes a kind of Trojan horse of an enormous shark that had been caught off "Waikiki by Kaihikapu-a-M., and which was sent as a present to Hao, from which, while Hao was occupied in dedicating it to the gods, armed men issued and slew Hao, his priest, and attendant chiefs, who, occupied with the sacrifice, were unarmed and unprepared.
I am inclined to believe that the embellishments of the legends, as in many other cases, are of a much later time, and that the actual fact of the matter was the sending of a valuable present, the bearers of which surprised Hao at the Heiau and killed him there.
Hao's son Napulanahu-mahiki escaped from the assassins
and fled to Waianae, where he maintained himself against Kaihikapu-a-M. until the death of the latter. By marrying his aunt Kekela, Napulanahu came into possession also of the Waialua and Koolauloa districts, and the island was thus divided into two independent sections, which continued until Kakuhihewa's reign.
Kaihikapu-a-Manuia's wife was Kaunui-a-Kanehoalani, a daughter of Kanehoalani, who was a grandson of Lo Lale (k) and Keleanohoanaapiapi (w), referred to on previous pages. Kaunui's mother was Kualoakalailai of the Kalehenui branch of the Maweke line, but whose pedigree I am not in possession of. With this wife Kaihikapu-a-M. had a son named Kakuhihewa, who succeeded him as Moi. If Kaihikapu-a-M. had other wives or other children, the legends are silent on the subject. KakuMhewa. As Kakuhihewa was not only one of the great kings of Oahu, but also celebrated throughout the group for all the princely qualities that formed the beau ideal of a highborn chief in those days, the legends relating to him are somewhat fuller, or have been retained better, than those of many of his contemporaries or successors.
Kakuhihewa was born at Kukaniloko, in the sleepingplace consecrated by the tabu of Liloe. . From thence he was taken to Hoolonopahu by his grandfather Kanehoalani. Forty-eight chiefs of highest rank, conspicuous among whom were Makokau, Ihukolo, Kaaumakua, Pakapakakuana, were present at the ceremony of cutting the navel-string of the new-born chief, and the two sacred drums, named "Opuku" and "Hawea," announced the august event to the multitude. Several Kahus were duly appointed to watch over and bring up the heir-apparent, whose childhood was principally passed between Waipio, Waiawa, and Manana in the Ewa district.
During his youth Kakuhihewa was instructed in all the sciences and accomplishments known among his people, and such as became a chieftain of his rank and expectations. Spear exercise of the various kinds, single-stick, stone-throwing, the use of the sling and the javelin, and the knowledge of martial tactics, were taught him by a number of masters, whose names the legend has preserved, and whose skill is said to have been so great that they could hit the smallest bird or insect at long distances. The use of the bow and arrow was taught him by the famous Mailele. The bow was never used in war, but was a fashionable weapon to shoot rats and mice with. There being no beasts of prey or wild animals on the islands, the rats were the only /era natura that offered the sports of the chase to the chiefs and their followers, 'with whom it seems to have been a fascinating amusement, and heavy bets were frequently put upon this or that archer's skill. The arrows were generally tipped with the sharpened bones of birds or of human beings.
When Kakuhihewa succeeded his father in the dignity of Moi of Oahu, his first care was to reunite the divided empire of the island. Instead of continuing the war with his cousin Napulanahumahiki, he made peace with him, and married his daughter Kaea-a-Kalona, generally known in the genealogies by the name of Kahaiaonuiakauailana, with whom the three districts of Waianae, Waialua, and Koolauloa again fell under the sway of the legitimate Moi of Oahu; and during the balance of his long reign, no war or rebellion distracted the country or diminished his power.
The legends speak in glowing terms of the prosperity, the splendour, and the glory of Kakuhihewa' s reign. Mild yet efficient in his government, peace prevailed all over the island, agriculture and fishing furnished abundant food for the inhabitants; industry throve and was remunerated, population and wealth increased amazingly, and the cheerful, liberal, and pleasure-loving temper of Kakuhihewa attracted to his court the bravest and wisest, as well as the brilliant and frivolous, among the aristocracy of the other islands. Brave, gay, and luxurious, versed in all the lore of the ancients of his land, a practical statesman, yet passion
VOL. IL S (I INCLUDED THE OAHU SECTION BECAUSE OF THE MENTION OF A GREAT CHEIFESS). THUS ENDS THE KAUI SAGA.
ABRAHAM FORNANDERBIO
Early life and education
Fornander was born in Öland, Sweden on November 4, 1812, to Anders (1778–1828) and Karin Fornander (1788–1872). His education was under his father, a local clergyman, except for two years in 1822 and 1823 when he attended gymnasium in Kalmar, studying Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. His mother's surname was spelled Foenander, so his surname is sometimes spelled that way.[1]In 1828, Fornander began his university studies at the University of Uppsala where he studied theology, transferring to the University of Lund in 1830. However, in 1831, he abandoned university studies to attend to his family, which had fallen under hard times. While thus providing for his family, he met and fell in love with his mother's youngest sister, who was four years his senior. After a short, torrid affair, Fornander was forced to leave in disgrace, and so made his way to the Swedish port of Malmö, and then to Copenhagen, from where he set out for the new world.
[edit] Whaling career
The next years are poorly documented, but he later wrote that circumstances in America forced him to go to sea, and it seems he became a whaler for the following decade. He joined the whale ship Ann Alexander in New Bedford in 1841, which set out for what would prove to be a five-year campaign in the Pacific Ocean. In 1844, Fornander deserted his ship in Honolulu, Hawaii. Fornander was to stay in the Hawaiian Islands for the rest of his life. On January 19, 1847, he became a citizen of the Kingdom of Hawaii as he took an oath of allegiance to Kamehameha III, the Hawaiian king, and married a Hawaiian chiefess from Molokai named Pinao Alanakapu.[2][edit] Hawaii
[edit] Journalism
In Hawaii, Fornander did several things. For a time, he was a surveyor and supervised the coffee plantation of English physician Thomas Charles Byde Rooke.[3] Beginning in 1849, as Hawaii began to consider further constitutional change, Fornander began writing for an upstart paper, the Argus, which he eventually took over. He used his paper to advocate responsible government, improvements to public education, and reform. When the paper failed in 1855, Fornander began a new venture called the Sandwich Islands Monthly, which was to cover both items of local interest and discussion of the great scientific, literary, and theological questions of the day. Although the magazine survived less than a year, a recurring theme in Fornander's writing was a concern for the status and condition of native Hawaiians. Fornander then went to work for The Polynesian, a rival publication that he now edited until its demise in 1864.[edit] Life as a public official
In late 1863, the new Hawaiian king Kamehameha V recognized Fornander's appointed him to the nation's privy council, which were thirty of the most distinguished men in the islands. In May 1864, the King made Fornander a judge, a position that he held for less than a year before he was made superintendent of the Honolulu school district, and then in March 1865, Inspector General of Schools for the entire kingdom.[4] Fornander had long been an advocate of public education, and his administration had three main goals: to put the system on a non-sectarian basis, improve opportunities for girls, and improve the teaching of English. The first of these goals won him the increasing animosity of American Protestant missionaries, who saw his attempt at even-handedness as disguised prejudice. By July 1870, their opposition had become great enough to replace Fornander as Inspector General.The king, however, re-appointed him in May 1871 to the circuit court, a position that he would hold for the next twelve years together with a variety of other governmental boards and commissions. These positions required Fornander to travel a good deal, which allowed him to learn more about Hawaiian mythology and the Hawaiian language.
[edit] Account of the Polynesian Race
While undertaking these duties, Fornander had long been developing theories of Hawaiian origins and collecting material for a work setting out his thoughts. In 1877, he finished the first volume of his monumental An Account of the Polynesian Race, its Origin and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I, which was published in London in the following year. This volume dealt with the hypothesis that the Polynesians were Aryans, both racially and linguistically, who had over the ages migrated through India and the Malay archipelago into the Pacific islands.Basing his theory on the comparison of Polynesian languages, genealogies, and mythology, Fornander estimated that the Polynesians first entered the Pacific in Fiji in the 1st or 2nd centuries AD. When expelled by Melanesians, the inhabitants made their way to Samoa and Tonga, and by AD 400 or 500, to Hawaii, where they lived in isolation until the 11th century, when new groups began to arrive.
Fornander paid special attention to legends and genealogies that he thought preserved the history of the Hawaiian islands after their settlement—their external and internal wars, dynastic quarrels, and eventually their contact by Captain James Cook and George Vancouver. He later published more volumes in the series, ending with the final victory of Kamehameha I and the consolidation of his rule over all the islands.[5]
The work brought Fornander attention from abroad. He was invited to become a corresponding member of the California Academy of Science in 1878, and in the following year the Hawaiian King made him a member of the Royal Order of Kalakaua. In 1880, he was invited to become a correspondent of the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (Svenska sällskapet för antropologi och geografi).
[edit] Later life
Fornander thrived on the international praise that his work had won him, but continued in his various official duties, including serving as acting governor of Maui. In 1886, he began to complain of pain in his mouth, and it soon became clear that he had a malignancy. Although he continued to travel as a circuit judge, the Hawaiian assembly voted him a pension of $1200 per month once he ceased to draw a government salary, together with a $2500 one-time grant to cover expenses incurred in the publication of his research which was described as "the most learned work ever written here [and] a credit to the author, to his adopted country, and to the Hawaiian people".In November 1886, Fornander was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I, the last man ever awarded that honour, and in December, he was made a Knight of the North Star (Nordstjärneorden) by the Oscar II of Sweden, King of Norway and Sweden.
On December 27, 1886 Fornander was appointed an associate justice of the supreme court and he was installed in the position early in the new year. His illness now was too far advanced for him to actually serve. His final months were spent in the home of his only daughter. He died November 1, 1887.
[edit] Impact and influence
The obituaries marking Fornander's death praised his contribution to Hawaii as both a jurist and a scholar. The Hawaiian royal family participated in his funeral, and a memorial in his honour was erected in Honolulu, where it still stands today (near Pensacola Street).His estate left his papers and library to his daughter, who sold them to Charles Reed Bishop. This included over 300 books, in addition to scores of journals, bulletins, and scientific yearbooks. In time the collection passed into the control of the Hawaiian Historical Society, where they still reside.[6]
Bishop had also acquired Fornander's own papers and voluminous notes, which he gave to the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, founded in memory of his wife. These papers, recording many chants, folktales, myths, and genealogies, were finally published as the Fornander Collection. These have Fornander's transcriptions in Hawaiian, together with a later English translation edited by Thomas George Thrum on facing pages, and were published from the years 1916 to 1920.[7][8][9]
[edit] References
- ^ Laura Ann Foenander. "Abraham Foenander". family tree web site. http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/f/o/e/Laura-Ann-Foenander/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-1823.html. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
- ^ Hawaiʻi State Archives (2006). "Naturalization records". Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. http://www.ulukau.org/gsdl2.7/cgi-bin/algene?e=d&a=d&d=D29-000038&q=Fornander. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
- ^ Pamela Haight (May 2004). ""A Trustworthy Historical Record": the Later Writing of Abraham Fornander". Master's Thesis. University of Hawaii. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/10433/1/uhm_med_523_r.pdf.
- ^ "Fornander, Abraham office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH0139/d0183e96.dir/Fornander,%20Abraham.jpg. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
- ^ Abraham Fornander (1996) [1880]. An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origin and Migrations, and the ancient history of the Hawaiian people to the times of Kamehameha I. Volume II. Trubner & company, republished by Mutual Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56647-147-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=tcQNAAAAQAAJ.
- ^ "Hawaiian Historical Society". web site. http://www.hawaiianhistory.org. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ Abraham Fornander (1916). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore. 4. edited with notes by Thomas George Thrum. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=fornander4&l=en.
- ^ Abraham Fornander (1918). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore. 5. edited with notes by Thomas George Thrum. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=fornander5&l=en.
- ^ Abraham Fornander (1919). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore. 6. edited with notes by Thomas George Thrum. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=fornander6&l=en.
[edit] Further reading
- Eleanor Harmon Davis (1979). Abraham Fornander: A Biography. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0459-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I9MVAAAAIAAJ.
- Olsson, Nils William Abraham Fornander—Swedish Pioneer in Hawaii (Swedish-American Historical Quarterly. Swedish Pioneer Historical Society. v.13, no.2 p. 71-76. April 1962)
- Nordisk familjebok Fornander, Abraham (Uggleupplagan. 8. Feiss - Fruktmögel / 855-856. 1908) (Swedish)
1812 births
Hidden categories:
- Definition: John Stokes was an American photographer, genealogist and archaeologist at the Bishop Museum in Hawai'i between 1899 and the mid-1920s. His contributions include work on rockshelters, petroglyphs, and descriptions and excavations of the heiau.
John Papa Īī
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected from John Papa I'i)
John or Keoni Papa ʻĪʻī (1800–1870) was a 19th century educator, politician and historian in the Kingdom of Hawaii.John Papa ʻĪʻī 
Born 1800
Waipiʻo, OʻahuDied May 2, 1870 Nationality Kingdom of Hawaii Ethnicity Native Hawaiian Spouse Sarai Hiwauli Children Irene Parents Kuaena and Wanaoa Kalaikane
[edit] Life
ʻĪʻī was born in 1800 and raised under the traditional kapu system. He was the son of Kuaena, a Kona chief and his wife Wanaoa Kalaikane. His elder brother was Daniel Papa ʻĪʻī, who was Kamehameha II's playmate, was prominent in the church, and assisted in the legal reforms at the beginning of the Kingdom. He was born at Waipiʻo, Ewa, Oʻahu.[1] His father and mother were minor chiefs destined to serve the higher chiefs as retainers and kahu (royal attendant) for their children. ʻĪʻī was trained from childhood for a life of service to the high chiefs. At the age of ten he was taken to Honolulu by his uncle Papa, a kahu of Kamehameha I, to become a companion and personal attendant to Prince Liholiho, who became King Kamehameha II in 1819. ʻĪʻī was close to Liholiho during the young heir's instruction in the conduct of government and ancient religious rites. His master died in 1823 in England.[2]
After Liholiho's death, ʻĪʻī continued to serve the rulers of Hawai‘i and including being kahu for Victoria Kamamalu and hānai father of Mary Paaaina. ʻĪʻī was selected to be kahu of the students (effectively a vice principal) at the Chiefs' Children's School in 1840.[3] Throughout his life he was in constant contact with the political, religious, and social concerns of the court, as well as the common people.[4] ʻĪʻī was among the first Hawaiians to study reading and writing with the missionaries, yet although he adopted Christian teachings, he retained a profound love and respect for the culture of his ancestors.[2]
ʻĪʻī served as a general superintendent of Oʻahu schools and was an influential member in the court of Kamehameha III. In 1842, he was appointed by the king to the Treasury Board. He served as a member of the Privy Council 1845–1859 and in 1846 was appointed to the Board of Land Commissioners. ʻĪʻī served in the House of Nobles from 1841 to 1870. In 1852, he represented the House of Nobles in the drafting of the Constitution and became the Speaker of the House of Nobles. He served as a member of the House of Representatives during the session of 1855. He served from 1848 as a superior court judge, and from 1852 to 1864 as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom.[5] ʻĪʻī died on May 2, 1870.
ʻĪʻī in later life
[edit] Legacy
He left a first-hand account chronicled in a series of articles in the Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Nupepa Ku'oko'a from 1866 until his death.[4] These were translated by Mary Kawena Pukui and published in 1959 as "Fragments of Hawaiian History",[6] which describes life under Kamehameha, through his personal experiences and descriptions of the pattern of Hawaiian culture during a period of great significance in the history of the Hawaiian Kingdom.[2] A second edition was edited by Dorothy Barrère and published in 1983.[7]
His married Sarai Hiwauli, the widow of Haʻalou, a chief executed for adultery. His only child was daughter Irene Kahalelauko-a-Kamāmalu ʻĪʻī. On September 30, 1886 Irene married Charles Augustus Brown and had sons George ʻĪʻī Brown on October 19, 1887 and Francis H. Ii Brown on September 16, 1892. A daughter Bernice died young.[8] She divorced Brown in 1898 and married Carl Sheldon Holloway who died on July 26, 1915. The lands that John ʻĪʻī had been awarded were put into a trust called the John ʻĪʻī Estate, Limited, which was the subject of a lawsuit due to ambiguity in the original will.[9] She died August 22, 1922.
[edit] References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Papa Īī - ^ Title details ('John Papa Ii')
- ^ a b c "Bishop Museum Press Authors". Bishop Museum. http://bishopmuseum.org/press/authors.html. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ^ Sheldon Dibble (1909). History of the Sandwich Islands. Honolulu: Thomas George Thrum. p. 291. http://books.google.com/books?id=VPlfhWzRz_IC&pg=PR1.
- ^ a b Michael Tsai (July 2, 2006). "John Papa 'I'i". Honolulu Advertiser. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6ii. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ^ "John Ii office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01b1/23852142.dir/Ii,%20John.jpg. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ^ John Papa ʻĪʻī (1959). Fragments of Hawaiian history. Bishop Museum Press.
- ^ John Papa ʻĪʻī (1983). Dorothy Barrère. ed. Fragments of Hawaiian history. Bishop Museum Press. ISBN 9780910240314.
- ^ John William Siddall (1917). Men of Hawaii: being a biographical reference library, complete and authentic, of the men of note and substantial achievement in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 50. http://books.google.com/books?id=8YUDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA50.
- ^ United States Circuit Court of Appeals (1913). "John Ii Estate, Limited et al. v. Brown et al.". The Federal reporter: with key-number annotations. 201. West Publishing Co.. pp. 224–248. http://books.google.com/books?id=8jaTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA228.
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